Exam 4                         Biol 3306:  Human Physiology              Fall 2007

Please write as legibly as possible and fill in the blanks or answer the questions in the space provided.  Since space is limited, be sure to organize your thoughts so that your answer is logical.  Spelling counts.  Each question is worth 2 points, unless otherwise noted.

1.  The two hormones                                                    and                                                      are made in the hypothalamus but are stored in the                                                          pituitary.

2.  What is the primary effect of the following hormones?  If they affect the release of a second hormone, state whether it is an increased or decreased release of the second hormone.(1 pt each)

Somatostatin:                                                                                       

IGF-1:                                                                                                 

dopamine:                                                                                            

CRH:                                                                                                  

Prolactin:                                                                                             

TSH:                                                                                                   

ACTH:                                                                                    

3.  Diagram the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.  Show both the long-loop and short-loop negative feedback mechanisms, if applicable.  (4 pts)

4.  What steps of thyroid hormone synthesis occur in the colloid?

5.  What does the follicular cell do in response to TSH binding it’s receptors?

6.  What is cretinism?  Discuss the developmental effects of this condition as well as what hormone is directly involved.  What specific dietary supplement can be given to prevent most cases of cretinism?

7.  The environmental pollutant, PCB, causes hypothyroid conditions.  What is the mechanism behind this phenomenon?

8.  Briefly describe how in some hypothyroid patients goiter is found, while in other hypothyroid patients an atrophied thyroid gland is found.  What is the hormonal mechanism behind these two conditions?  (4 pts)

9.  When a patient has a thyroid storm, what is happening?  What hormones are involved (other than T3/T4), and what are two physiological events that are occurring?

10.  Discuss the mechanism behind TWO of the following THREE disease states (4 pts):

            Graves’ Disease           OR       Cushing’s Syndrome                 OR       Addison’s disease

11.  In adult adrenals, the three cortical zones and their primary hormone products are (3 pts):

1.                                                                                                                                

2.                                                                                                                                

3.                                                                                                                                

12.  In the fetal adrenal zone, what hormone is being produced, and what is the physiological role of this hormone?

13.  What effect does cortisol have on the following systems (3 pts):

Immune system:                                                                                                                       

protein metabolism:                                                                                                                  

vascular reactivity:                                                                                                                    

14.  Identical twins are separated at birth.  One twin grows up in a low-stress environment while the other grows up in a high stress environment.  Describe one physiological difference between the twins in adulthood, and describe the hormonal mechanisms behind this difference.

15.  A diabetic patient has open-heart surgery.  During the recovery period, the patient’s insulin

levels should be adjusted up/ down/ not at all (circle one)  due to                                                          .

16.  In Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, the missing gene codes for the                                       protein.

17.  A patient is treated with Prednisone.  What hormone is this drug mimicking?  What special considerations need to be taken when prescribing Prednisone, especially as it relates to time of treatment and ending of treatment? (3 pts)

18.  Two ions that are regulated by Aldosterone are                                           and                             .

19.  Trace the path a water molecule would take from the renal artery to the urinary bladder.  Assume the water is not retained in the blood, but rather eliminated in the urine.  There are several paths the water molecule could take, just choose one. Be specific as to what anatomical structures the molecule passes by/through. (6 pts)

20.  What are the differences and similarities between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in terms of anatomical location and physiological function.

21.  The Juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of the                                                            

and the                                                                                     .

22.  The GFR would increase/decrease/stay the same (circle one) if the afferent arteriole were to be dilated and the efferent arteriole were to be constricted.

23.  Describe the three forces (pressures) that determine GFR.  State whether these forces favor filtration or oppose filtration, and on average, what these forces are (give numbers).  What direction is the NET filtration pressure? (4 pts)

24.  Draw a diagram of the nephron tubule, including the lumen, the epithelial cell, the interstitial fluid (I.F.), and the peritubular capillary.  Label the four anatomical features underlined in the question. (4 pts)

25.  For each of the four anatomical areas you have diagrammed above, state whether Na+, K+ and glucose concentrations are high (↑) or low(↓).  Fill in the table below. (3 pts)

26.  On the diagram in Question 24, show the location of active transport of Na+ and K+.  Draw in a smiley face (☺) at the appropriate location.

27.  Describe the molecular process of glucose reabsorption in the kidney.  What transport proteins are involved, what ions are co- or counter- transported?  Where in the nephron is this occurring? (3 pts)

28.  What is one trigger for renin release?

29.  What is the role of renin?                                                                                                  

30.  What four effects does Angiotensin II have on the body? (4 pts)

1.                                                                                                                                

2.                                                                                                                                

3.                                                                                                                                

4.                                                                                                                                

31.  What is the primary gene product of aldosterone?

32.  What occurs in the kidney under the influence of vasopressin?

33.  What hormone(s) counter-act the effects of aldosterone and vasopressin?

34.  What is central diabetes insipidus?

35.  How does one become a type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patient (i.e. what triggers this disease)?

36.  How does exercise reduce blood sugar in type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM)?

37.  Describe one other negative side effect of untreated T2DM, and discuss the mechanism behind this effect.